Modern applications of biotechnology work most often through genetic engineering, which is also known as recombinant DNA technology. Genetic engineering works by modifying or interacting with the genetic cell structures. Every cell in an animal or plant contains genes that produce proteins. It's those proteins that determine the characteristics of the organism. By modifying or interacting with genes, scientists can strengthen the characteristics of an organism or create an entirely new organism. These modified and new organisms may be beneficial to humans, such as crops with higher yields or increased resistance to drought. Genetic engineering also enables the genetic modification and cloning of animals, two controversial developments. Biotechnology can be defined as the manipulation of biological process, systems, and organisms in the production of various products. With applications in a number of fields such as biomedical, chemical, mechanical, and civil engineering, research on the development of biologically inspired materials is essential to further advancement. Biotechnology is a rapidly evolving discipline that focuses on modifying biological organisms for manufacturing useful commodities. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of molecular biology, genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics and applications of biotechnology in medicine, agriculture and other scientific fields. It elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary approach. For all those who are interested in biotechnology, this comprehensive book can prove to be an essential guide. Biotechnology: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications is a vital reference source for the latest research findings on the application of biotechnology in medicine, engineering, agriculture, food production, and other areas. It also examines the economic impacts of biotechnology use. Highlighting a range of topics such as pharmacogenomics, biomedical engineering, and bioinformatics, this multi-volume book is ideally designed for engineers, pharmacists, medical professionals, practitioners, academicians, and researchers interested in the applications of biotechnology.
Professor Mayfield joined the University of Melbourne from the University of Queensland where she is a Professor of Ecology and Head of the School of Biological Sciences, currently ranking among the 20 best universities in the world for ecology. Originally from the US, Professor Mayfield has developed a large and thriving research group focused on plant and insect community ecology in Australia. She completed her PhD in biology in 2005 from Stanford University, with a focus on plant ecology and conservation, followed by a postdoctoral fellowship at UC Santa Barbara before commencing at UQ in 2007. An accomplished researcher, Professor Mayfield has a track record of sustained research funding, including six ARC Discovery grants, two ARC Linkage grants and an ARC Future Fellowship over the last decade.
Preface v Chapter 1. Introduction to Biotechnology........................................................... 1 Definition and Scope of Biotechnology.................................................... 3 Historical Background and Milestones.....................................................10 Traditional vs Modern Biotechnology......................................................17 Explain Agriculture, Health, and Industry............................................... 23 Role in Sustainable Development........................................................... 27 Chapter 2. Molecular Biology Foundations.......................................................32 DNA Structure and Function.................................................................... 33 Genes and Genetic Code..........................................................................39 Genetic Mutations and Repair Mechanisms...........................................45 RNA Types and Their Functions...............................................................49 Operon Concept and General Structure................................................. 57 Chapter 3. Genetic Engineering......................................................................... 62 Recombinant DNA Technology................................................................63 Cloning Vectors and Plasmids..................................................................67 Restriction Enzymes and DNA Ligase.......................................................71 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)...........................................................76 Cdna Synthesis and Library ..................................................................... 81 Chapter 4. Cell and Tissue Culture..................................................................... 87 Plant Tissue Culture..................................................................................88 Media Preparation and Sterilization........................................................92 Somatic Embryogenesis and Organogenesis..........................................99 Applications in Micropropagation..........................................................105 Hybridoma Technology and Monoclonal Antibodies............................ 110 Chapter 5. Genomics and Proteomics...............................................................116 Human Genome Project Overview......................................................... 117 Functional and Structural Genomics...................................................... 122 Basics of Proteomics and Protein Structure.......................................... 127 2D Gel Electrophoresis and Mass Spectrometry....................................132 Transcriptomics and Metabolomics.......................................................139 Contents Chapter 6. Bioinformatics.................................................................................146
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