Nuclear physics as a subject distinct from atomic physics could be said to date from 1896, the year that Becquerel observed that photographic plates were being fogged by an unknown radiation emanating from uranium ores. He had accidentally discovered radioactivity: the fact that some nuclei are unstable and spontaneously decay. The name was coined by Marie Curie two years later to distinguish this phenomenon from induced forms of radiation. In the years that followed, radioactivity was extensively investigated, notably by the husband and wife team of Pierre and Marie Curie, and by Rutherford and his collaborators, and it was established that there were two distinct types of radiation involved, named by Rutherford α and β rays. We know now that α rays are bound states of two protons and two neutrons (we will see later that they are the nuclei of helium atoms) and β rays are electrons. In 1900 a third type of decay was discovered by Villard that involved the emission of photons, the quanta of electromagnetic radiation, referred to in this context as γ rays. These historical names are still commonly used. Nuclear and Particle Physics: An Introduction offers a comprehensive and highly readable overview of both the theoretical and experimental areas of these fields. The text covers a very wide range of topics in particle and nuclear physics, with an emphasis on the phenomenological approach to understanding experimental data. The text covers basic concepts of nuclear and particle physics, before describing their respective phenomenologies and experimental methods. Later interprets data through models and theories, such as the standard model of particle physics, and the liquid drop and shell models of nuclear physics, and also discuss many applications of both fields. The subjects of nuclear and particle physics share a common heritage. The theoretical origins of the two fields and their reliance on quantum mechanics, as well as the evolution of their experimental techniques, provide much overlap in content. It is therefore sensible to present these two areas of physics, especially at the undergraduate level, in a unified manner. This book is intended primarily for use in a senior undergraduate course, and particularly for students who have had previous contact with quantum mechanics.
Professor Tina Potter has been a University Lecturer in the Department of Physics at the University of Cambridge since 2018. She was previously Lecturer in the same department. She studied for her MSc and PhD at Royal Holloway University of London, and took her first post as Postdoctoral Research Associate at the University of Sussex. Dr Tina Potter's research interests lie in the discovery of new physics beyond the Standard Model. Tina Potter is a Professor of High Energy Physics at the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge. Her research interests lie in the discovery of new physics beyond the Standard Model, in particular understanding Dark Matter. This work involves searching for signs of new particles formed in the high energy proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Her research focuses on the design of novel and sensitive searches for new physics, such as Supersymmetry, using the ATLAS (A Toroidal LHC Apparatus) detector. Professor Potter is a 2021 recipient of the University of Cambridge's Pilkington Prize for her contributions to teaching excellence.
| Preface 1. Introduction 1.1 Rutherford’s Team Discovers the Nucleus 1.2 James Chadwick Discovers the Neutron 1.3 Yukawa’s Meson Postulated to Bind Nuclei 1.5 Spontaneous Changes from One Nuclide to Another: Nuclear Decay 1.6 Nuclear Fusion 1.7 Production of Heavy Elements 1.8 Nucleus Structure 1.8 Radioactivity 2. Nuclear Detectors 2.1 Ionization Chamber 2.2. Proportional Counter 2.3. Geiger-Muller Counter 2.4. Scintillation Counter 2.5. Semi-Conductor Counters 2.6. Cerenkov Counter 2.7. Cloud Chamber 2.8. The Bubble Chamber 2.9. The Spark Chamber 2.10. Diffusion Cloud Chamber 2.11. Photographic Emulsion 2.12 Electronic Instruments 3. Particle Accelerators 3.1 Linear Particle Accelerators 3.2 Electron Synchrotrons 3.3 Ion Sources 3.4 Magnetic Ion Source 3.5 The Proton Synchrotron 3.6 Fixed Field Alternating Gradient Accelerator 4. General Properties Of Atomic Nuclei 4.1 Protons and Neutrons 4.2 Nuclear Models 4.3 Liquid Drop Models 4.4 Nuclear Size 4.5 Nuclear Stability, Binding Energy, Mass Defect and Packing Fraction 4.6 Coulomb Energy 4.7 Angular Momentum of the Nucleus 4.8 Semi-empirical Mass Formula and â-Decay Stability 4.9 Angular Momentum of the Nucleus 4.10 Nuclear Magnetism 4.11 Purcell’s Method 4.12 Isotopic Spin 5. Nuclear Models 5.1 The Degenerate Gas Model 5.2 The Liquid Drop Model 5.3 The Alpha-Particle Model 5.4 The Shell Model 5.5 Deformed Harmonic Oscillator Approximated Model 5.6 Including a Spin-orbit Interaction 5.7 Predicted Magic Numbers 5.8 Other Properties of Nuclei 5.9 Collective Model 5.10 Vibrational State 5.11 Rotational States 5.12 Optical Model |
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