This text on pharmacology is primarily targeted toward undergraduate and graduate medical, and pharmacy students. To begin with, the topics included are contemporary and well classified. Special topics such as pediatrics and geriatric pharmacology and pharmacology of radiocontrast media and drug schedules have been included. The strength of this book lies in the detailed yet simple manner in which the topics in General Pharmacology have been dealt with. This will help the students understand the basic principles very well. The chapters begin with a brief discussion of the relevant anatomy, biochemistry, and pathophysiology, followed by a detailed pharmacological discussion on the topic. Due care has also been taken to simplify the modes of action, applied pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamic properties, through lucid explanation and a liberal use of illustrations and tables. Principles of Pharmacology reviews the fundamentals of pharmacology with a focus on the various body systems. Drug classifications, names, sources, and development serve as essential foundations. Furthermore, this text uniquely discusses that understanding pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacogenomics, and drug toxicity is crucial before addressing medications, clinical indications, mechanisms of action, adverse effects, and contraindications.
Dr. James Scot is physician and dedicated his career to bridging the gap between molecular mechanisms and patient care. Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, Dr. James completed his medical degree and a Ph.D. in Cellular Biochemistry at the University of Oxford. He later moved to the United States, completing his residency at Massachusetts General Hospital and a fellowship in Clinical Pharmacology at Harvard Medical School. Dr. Scot's fascination with pharmacology began during his early laboratory days, where he spent hours studying how single-point mutations in the G-protein coupled receptors of cardiac myocytes completely altered drug efficacy. This led to his foundational realization that rote memorization of drug names is an ineffective way to learn medicine. Instead, a student or clinician must intimately understand the underlying biochemistry, physiology, and pathophysiology of the affected organ systems. Driven by this pedagogical philosophy, Dr. Scot pioneered an integrated, systems-based approach to pharmacology education. In his textbook, he crafts every chapter around a clinical vignette, a real-world patient presenting a therapeutic challenge. By deconstructing the disease's pathophysiology and examining molecular and cellular targets, he teaches students how to logically select medications, predict adverse effects, and design rational pharmacotherapy regimens. Now serving as the Chief of Clinical Pharmacology at an internationally renowned medical center in London, Dr. Scot continues to merge groundbreaking research with medical education. When he is not writing, treating patients, or speaking at global conferences, he enjoys mentoring young researchers and trekking through the Scottish Highlands.
Preface 1. PERSPECTIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY OVER THE PAST 100 YEARS...................1 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The Emergence of Pharmacology in Germany: Rudolf Buchheim 1.3 The Spread of Pharmacology 1.4 Pharmacology Through 100 Years and a Future Perspective 1.5 Conclusions 2. EMERGENT CONCEPTS OF RECEPTOR PHARMACOLOGY...........................................................................13 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Shots in the Dark: Null Methods in Pharmacology 2.3 Recombinant Systems Redefine Receptor Pharmacology 2.4 Binding Gives Way to Functional Experiments 2.5 Understanding Agonism: The Black/Leff Operational Model 2.6 The Shift from Orthosteric to Allosteric Drug Action 2.7 The Move from Parsimonious Models to Dynamic Models of Receptor Conformation 2.8 Allosteric Probe Dependence: Biased Receptor Signaling 2.9 Structure: Receptors Show Themselves 2.10 Genetics and Computer Science Impact Pharmacology 2.11 Conclusion 3. THE EVOLVING LANDSCAPE OF CANCER THERAPEUTICS...............................33 3.1 Biology of Cancer 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Clinical Trials in Oncology 3.4 Rationally Designed Therapies 3.5 Nuclear Medicine Therapies 3.6 Pharmacogenetics, Pharmacogenomics and Patient Selection for Treatment 3.7 Resistance Mechanisms 3.8 Cancer Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development 3.9 Current Issues in the Development of Drugs in Oncology 3.10 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 4. MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE..........................................................................68 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Background 4.3 Monoclonal Antibody Structure Function and Production 4.4 Pharmacokinetics 4.5 Development 4. 6 Monoclonal Antibodies for the Treatment of Inflammatory Conditions 4.7 Monoclonal Antibodies for the Treatment of Solid Tumours 4.8 Adverse Effects and Limitations of Monoclonal Antibodies 4.9 The Future 5. 100 YEARS OF DRUG DELIVERY TO THE LUNGS............................................123 5.1 The History of Therapeutic Aerosols: From the Ancient Time to Present 5.2 Current Inhalation Delivery Systems 5.3 Advances in Aerosol Science 5.4 Looking to the Future 5.5 Conclusions 6. ION CHANNEL PHARMACOLOGY FOR PAIN MODULATION.......................................................................................138 6.1 General Introduction 6.2 Calcium Channels 6.3 Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels 6.4 AcidSensing Family of Ion Channels (ASICs) 6.5 PIEZO Channels 6.6 Purinergic P2X3 Ion Channels 7. EXPLOITING THE DIVERSITY OF ION CHANNELS..........................................155 7.1 Introduction 7.2 K+ Channels 7.3 Sodium Channels 7.4 Chloride Channels 8. GENETICALLY ENCODED FLUORESCENT CALCIUM AND VOLTAGE INDICATORS...................................................................................................171 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Calcium Versus Voltage Imaging 8.3 Advantages of Genetically Encoding Indicators 8.4 Key Features of Genetically Encoded Calcium and Voltage Indicators 8.5 Currently Ava
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